Colonial period (^seventeenth - ^eighteenth centuries)

Illinois Country

In the ^17th century, the Saint-Louis region was explored by the French. In 1673, Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River; a few years later, Cavelier de la Salle descends the river to its mouth. The latter takes possession of the valley by baptizing it "Louisiana", in honor of Louis XIV. The northern region of Louisiana is also called Haute-Louisiana or Pays des Illinois. A French establishment was founded in 1699 not far from the site of Cahokia. The French built a set of forts (Fort de Chartres, Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher). Catholic priests established a mission near the present site of Saint-Louis in 1703.

French colonial period

The town was officially founded by the French merchants Gilbert-Antoine de Saint Maxent and his partner, Pierre Laclède — or Pierre Laclède Liguest — accompanied by his young assistant and stepson of New Orleans Auguste Chouteau on February 15, 1764. In 1765, Saint-Louis became the capital of Upper Louisiana. Between 1766 and 1768, it was administered by the French Lieutenant-Governor Louis Saint-Ange de Bellerive. After the Seven Years' War, the city as the future state of Missouri became a territory of the Spanish Empire (Treaty of Fontainebleau).

Spanish colonial period

After 1768, the city of Saint-Louis became part of the Spanish Louisiana. Governor Francisco Luis Hector de Carondelet created a body of commerce made up of fur traders and trappers. They had a monopoly on the fur trade and pelts only on the condition that they explore the areas beyond the Poncas Nation, at the border of Louisiana territory (future states of Nebraska and Iowa) towards the sources of Missouri, and come into contact with Native American tribes not yet visited by explorers and runners of the woods. This commercial company was officially named Compagnie commercial for the discovery of the Nations of Upper Missouri by the Spanish colonial power. By the following year, the fur trade had grown. Jean-Baptiste Truteau, a French Canadian, was the first European explorer to visit Haut-Missouri, a territory that has not yet been explored. His commercial mission, supported by the Spaniards, was signed by the Lieutenant Governor of the Land of Illinois, Zénon Trudeau, commander of the city of Saint-Louis. Its objectives included establishing a trading post for the Manen Nation's Native Americans, traveling to the Rocky Mountains, and countering trade between British fur traders and Native American tribes.

Back to France

Territory of Louisiana (Louisiana Territory), 1805-1812, Capital Saint-Louis, becoming Missouri Territory.

In 1799, the governor of the land of the Illinois and commander of the city of Saint-Louis, Zénon Trudeau was replaced by Don Carlos de Hault de Lassus. He was the last governor of the land of the Illinois and the last commander of the city of Saint-Louis, but remained in office after the signing of the Treaty of San Ildefonso on October 1, 1800, which returned the territory to France. He had to leave his place at the end of 1803 to the US administration. Indeed, on 18 January 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte, then a lifelong consul, decided not to keep this immense territory. Louisiana was sold to the young United States (sale of Louisiana) on 30 April 1803 for the sum of 80 million francs (15 million dollars). American sovereignty came into force on December 20, 1803.

Expansion in the ^19th century

Route and geographic area of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Saint Louis has been part of the United States since 1803; at that time, it had about 1,000 inhabitants. This is where, in 1804, the famous Lewis and Clark expedition began, exploring the American West to the Pacific coast. The men returned on September 23, 1806, after a long journey which subsequently led to the conquest of the West. Around 1815, the population is approximately 2,000 to 2,500 inhabitants, still predominantly French (of French, Acadian and French Canadian origin).

The great period of steamboats began in 1817 when the Zebulon M. Pike arrived in the city. Saint-Louis became the last port on the Mississippi, which was in the mid-19th century, the second port of the United States behind that of New York. Missouri officially became a state of the United States in 1820 and Saint-Louis was the most populous city.

The population grew rapidly during the 19th century thanks to the immigration of German, Italian and Irish families. In 1850, with its 78,000 inhabitants, it was the sixth largest city in the United States, compared to 44^th twenty years earlier. Ten years later, the population has already doubled: there are 160,000 inhabitants.

In 1849, a cholera epidemic and a great fire struck the city. Following these two disasters, the municipal authorities decided to impose an urban planning code and improve wastewater management.

The Civil War (1861-1865) affected the economy of the port, even though arsenals produced warships for the Union. On July 4, 1876, the city of Saint-Louis passed its separation from the rural county of Saint-Louis and became an independent municipality (independent city). During the second half of the 19th century, St. Louis provided the nation with a series of businessmen and celebrities (Sara Teasdale, T. S. Eliot, Tennessee Williams) who make the city's name; several companies are founded (Ralston-Purina, Anheuser-Busch and Brown Shoe Company). With Chicago and New York, Saint-Louis has the first skyscrapers: the Wainwright Building, designed by architect Louis Sullivan, was built in 1892. Nikola Tesla made a public demonstration of radio communication in 1893. The city was hit by a tornado in 1896 that destroyed several neighborhoods and killed 255 people.

^20th century

A map illustrated by Fred Graf, entitled Saint-Louis in 1896.

According to the 1900 census, St. Louis was the fourth most populated city in the United States, with 575,238 inhabitants. In 1904, it hosts a universal exhibition and the 3rd Olympic Games of the modern era. During the Great Depression, the poor gathered in the country's largest hooverville, which had around 1,000 people. Saint-Louis is experiencing significant industrialization. The diffusion of the automobile allows the suburbs to spread out. The middle class then began to flee the municipality, losing half of its population between 1950 and 2000. The Pruitt-Igoe Urban Planning Project (1955-1972) is a failure. In the 1990s, Missouri MP Richard Gephardt denounced the vaporization of radioactive agents during the 1960s for secret experience from the Knights of Columbus building.

^twenty-first century

In 2010, the city had about 360,000 inhabitants, and this year is ranked as the most dangerous city in the United States with 2,100 criminal acts per 100,000 inhabitants, while the national average is around 430.

In 2016, it is a city that is trying to regain some dynamism. It is equipped with a large service economy (Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Anheuser-Busch, Monsanto, McDonnell Douglas, Purina, etc.), hosting a first-class symphony orchestra, several professional sports teams (Blues de Saint-Louis, Cardinals de Saint-Louis) and some of the best jazz and blues musicians in the country (see personalities and sports).

Urban landscape

At the foot of the Mississippi, panorama of Saint Louis from East Saint Louis in Illinois. Gateway Arch and Gateway Arch National Park are in the foreground, Edward Jones Dome to the right and Busch Stadium to the left.

• Aerial view of downtown Saint-Louis (2011).

• The Gateway Geyser of East Saint Louis, Illinois located in the extension of the ark (2005).

• Saint-Louis-Roi-de-France Cathedral, an old cathedral, consecrated in 1834.

• (I-70) Memorial Drive (Saint-Louis), is a track that crosses the city center in a north-south axis.

• Forest Park (Saint-Louis), public park located in the city.

• Downtown, the city center bounded by Cole Street to the north, the Mississippi River to the east, Chouteau Avenue to the south and Tucker Boulevard to the west.

Panoramic view of Saint-Louis city center from the Ark (2008). The Old Courthouse is well visible in the center. Busch Memorial Stadium and Edward Jones Dome are on the left and right, respectively. The city's tallest building, One Metropolitan Square, is also visible.

Topography - Geology

The rivers in the Saint-Louis region.

According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has an area of 171 km², including 160 km² in land and 11 km² (6.2%) in water. The city is built on a low-lying terraces overlooking the banks of the Mississippi River, just south of the confluence between the river and its tributary of the Missouri River. The Fathers River and Meramec also converge. Much of the area is a fertile, slightly hilly prairie that offers low, wide, shallow hills. The Mississippi River and the Missouri River occupy large valleys with wide floodplains.

The subsoil of the region (Midwest) is limestone with dolomite from the Mississippian geological era. Some parts of the city are karstic, especially the area south of the city center, which has many gulfs and caves. It is also rich in coal, clay and Millerite. The surface rock, known as the limestone of Saint-Louis, is used as cutting stone and rubble for construction.

Near the southern boundary of the city of Saint-Louis (separating the county of Saint-Louis (Missouri) ) is the Des Pères River, and the only river within the city limits that is not entirely underground. The Fathers River was confined to a canal or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower part of the river was the site of some of the worst floods in 1993.

The eastern boundary of the city is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of Saint-Louis County, with the exception of a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern line.

Saint-Louis is located on a fault, which exposes it to earthquakes, which are generally weak. Seismologists estimate that a magnitude 6 earthquake could be expected by 2040 and could cause significant damage to the city.

Climate

The climate in Saint-Louis is continental, because the city is located in the center of the North American continent, on its eastern façade. In the absence of a nearby mountain barrier, it is influenced by polar air masses in winter and tropical in summer. The annual thermal amplitude is 26.8°C. The average temperature at the airport station is 13.9°C over the year. Annual precipitation is in the order of 1,039.2 millimeters. The winters are rather cold and dry (-4.6°C in January), the springs are watered, the summers are very hot and humid (32°C in July) with peaks at 38°C and with heat indices that can exceed 45°C due to humidity combined with hot, summer rains fall in the form of short hot rains during scorching days. The Indian summer can last until the end of November. The record for cold was -30°C on 5 January 1884, the record maximum temperature was 47.2°C, which was recorded in East-Saint Louis on 14 July 1954; at the international airport, there was 46.1°C. The last two large heat waves (1995 and 1999) killed hundreds of people.

Saint-Louis enjoys high sunshine with an average of 2595.8 hours per year.

Satellite image of the 1993 floods.

Although the Fathers passing through town was channeled in the ^20th century, the Mississippi floods, inflated by all its tributaries during exceptional rains, are still to be feared. A system of dykes and protective walls protect the city in case of the river's rising water. When the US Midwest flooded in 1993, the river's level reached 6 m above the flood threshold on August 1, a level not reached in 228 years. The 16m high flood protection wall built to contain the volume of water of the largest Mississippi flood in 1844, managed to avoid the narrow overflow.

Natural environment

The Missouri Botanical Garden (Missouri Botanical Garden or Mobot) located in Saint-Louis.

Before the founding of the city by the French, the Saint-Louis region was covered by the meadow and forest of oak trees, amelanchiers, blood dots and maples. Western plane trees grew on the banks of rivers. Some of these primary forests remain in Forest Park.

The fauna consists of coyotes, white deer, gray squirrels, opponsums. In the parks, you can see the Canada goose, the mallard duck, the large aigrette and the great Heron. Gulls often follow barges on the Mississippi River. The bald eagle and many varieties of amphibians (Bufo americanus) and insects (Cicadidae, Coccinellidae, mosquitoes) populate the banks of the river. Saint-Louis is located on the waterway of migratory birds that can be seen at Tower Grove Park.

Zuni Bird Charmer (1931), Walker Hancock. St. Louis Zoo.

The Parc zoologique de Saint-Louis or Zoo de Saint-Louis is a zoological park located in Saint-Louis. A member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (North America) (AZA), the entrance is free but some attractions incur an extra charge. Founded in 1904 with the 1904 Universal Exhibition in Saint-Louis, the zoo is now at the forefront of research on species conservation. It has many animals such as the white bear, the African wild donkey or the Cheetah. In 2010, it welcomed more than 2.9 million visitors, making it the third most visited traditional zoological park in the United States.

The Missouri Botanical Garden (Missouri Botanical Garden or Mobot) is a botanical garden located in St. Louis, also known informally as the "Shaw Garden" (Shaw's Garden) after its founder, botanist and philanthropist Henry Shaw. Founded in 1859, this garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in the United States. The garden is also a botanical research center, as well as an oasis in the city of Saint-Louis with its 31 hectares of horticultural presentations.

The Citygarden (en) , is an urban park and sculpture garden in Saint-Louis, covering an area of 1,200 hectares and owned by the city, but maintained by the Gateway Foundation. It opened on July 1, 2009. There is no admission fee for visitors to the Citygarden, which is located near Gateway Arch and Busch Stadium. The park is open all year round and complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Quarters

The city of Saint-Louis is composed of 79 districts, here is a list of the main ones:

French-style houses in Lafayette Square.

Grand Saint Louis

Grand St. Louis.

Greater St. Louis (Greater St. Louis) is the largest metropolitan area of Missouri, and the largest 18 of the United States, with a total population estimated at 2,812,896 as of 1^st July 2009. This area includes the City of Saint-Louis (356,587) and the counties of the Missouri of Saint-Louis (992,408), Saint-Charles (355,367), Jefferson (219,046), Franklin (101,263), Lincoln (5535 311), Warren (31,485), Washington (24,400), plus the counties of Illinois Madison (268,457), Saint-Clair (263,617), Macoupin (47,774), Clinton (363 Monroe (33,236), Jersey (22,549), Bond (18,103), and Calhoun County (5,019).

According to the latest estimates from the US Census Bureau, the city of Saint-Louis had 315,685 inhabitants in 2015.

Population composition per cent (2010)

Group	Saint-Louis	Missouri	United States
African-Americans	49.2	11.6	12.6
White non-Hispanic	40.4	79.2	55.7
Latin Americans	3.5	3.6	16.7
Asian	2.9	1.6	4.8
Métis	2.4	2.1	2.9
Others	1.3	1.4	6.4
Amerindians	0.3	0.5	0.9
Total	100	100	100

In 2010, two-thirds of the Hispanic population of Saint-Louis is Mexican-Americans.

According to the American Community Survey, for the period 2011-2015, 90.56% of the population over the age of 5 reported speaking English at home, 3.16% reported speaking Spanish, 0.77% Vietnamese, 0.58% Serbo-Croatian, 0.55 % a Chinese language and 4.38 % another language.

According to the American Community Survey, for the period 2011-2015, 27.1% of the population lives below the poverty line (15.5% at the national level). This rate masks significant inequalities, as it is 38.1% for African-Americans and 14.5% for non-Hispanic whites. In addition, 41.8 per cent of people under the age of 18 live below the poverty line, while 24.4 per cent of those aged 18-64 and 16.6 per cent of those over 65 live below the poverty line.

Greyhound Lines is the largest bus company in the United States. It serves the whole country. The bus is, in most cases, the cheapest means of transport for long distances in the United States and with many connections from Saint-Louis.

Route 66

Dubbed by the Americans "Mother Road" and "Main Street of America," Route 66 plays an important role in the American tradition. Saint-Louis is one of the largest cities on Route 66 between Chicago and Los Angeles. There are many sites linked to this famous road, such as the Old Chain of Rocks Bridge (Arche), a bridge that spans the Mississippi and was once taken by the famous road.

Motorway connecting Saint Louis

U.S. Route 40: This is one of the original U.S. Highways of the 1920s, and originally extended from San Francisco to Atlantic City. Its western end has been truncated several times, and the road now ends at I-80, close to Park City (Utah).

Intersections in Saint Louis: I-64/55/70.

Interstate 70
  Cove Fort (en) (I-15) at Baltimore, MD (I-695)
Related Routes: I-170 | Interstate 270 (Illinois-Missouri) (en) | I-370 | I-470 | I-670

Interstate 55
  Place, Louisiana (I-10) in Chicago, Illinois (US-41)
Related Routes: I-155 | I-255

Interstate 44
  Wichita Falls, Texas (US Route 277 (en)) in Saint-Louis, Missouri (I-55)
Related Routes: I-244 | I-444

Railway companies linking Saint Louis

Lambert-Saint-Louis International Airport, February 2010.

The Amtrak is a U.S. public railway company, specialized in passenger transport. Of which lines serve Saint Louis from north to south, and from east to west.

• Texas Eagle. Main cities served: Chicago - Saint-Louis - Dallas - San Antonio - Los Angeles.
• State House: Chicago - Saint-Louis line.
• Kansas City Mule, Saint-Louis Mule: Kansas City - Saint-Louis line.
• Missouri Pacific Railroad known as MoPac (St. Louis Headquarters) was one of the first railways in the United States to settle west of the Mississippi River. MoPac merged in 1982 with the Union Pacific Railroad.

History: The Frisco, St. Louis-San Francisco Railway, operated in the Midwest and south-central United States from 1876 to 1980.

Airport

The Lambert-Saint-Louis International Airport owes its name to Albert Bond Lambert, an American aviator and aerostier originally from Saint-Louis, who founded the Saint-Louis aero-club at the beginning of the ^20th century on the ground that would become the current airport.

Trans States Airlines is an American airline, the 6^th largest private regional airline in the United States. Created in 1985 to supply Trans World Airlines (TWA), from its Saint-Louis hub, the airline has transformed itself into a regional airline that operates American Airlines (American Connection), United Airlines (United Express), and US Airways (US Airways Express).

Urban transit

The Metrolink

The Saint-Louis light metro station (or MetroLink) is a light subway network in Saint-Louis. The line is managed by the organization Metro (Saint-Louis), which also manages buses in the greater Saint-Louis area, including East Saint Louis in the neighboring state of Illinois.
The network has two lines. A line links Lambert-Saint-Louis and Shiloh-Scott International Airport to Shaïlo, Illinois; it is 60.6 km and has 28 stations. Another line runs from Shrewsbury-Lansdowne I-44 to Shrewsbury and Emerson Park to East Saint Louis, 27.2 km and 20 stations.

Water transport and canals

The Mississippi River and the Great Lakes are the country's two major transportation routes. The Mississippi has been the subject of numerous developments and today, about half of Missouri - Mississippi is navigable. The river is also connected by canals to the Great Lakes from Saint Louis to Chicago, Illinois, Florida and Texas by the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.

Detailed article: Economy of St. Louis (en).

The economy of Saint-Louis is very diversified.

The Saint-Louis business center.

Statistics for all U.S. companies for industry, gender, ethnicity, states, counties and cities: 2012. Survey of Business Owners, geographic area of Saint-Louis city, Missouri. Release Date: December 15, 2015.

The Fortune Global 500 is a list of 500 global companies ranked by the size of their turnover. It is published annually by Fortune magazine, which also publishes an American ranking: Fortune 500. A similar list ranks the 500 global companies according to their market capitalization levels: Financial Times Global 500 (FT 500).

• 2015 ranking published in 2016.
• 2014 ranking published in 2015.
• 2013 ranking published in 2014.

The city is home to several companies: Anheuser-Busch, founded in 1852, has many brands of beverages (Budweiser), Energizer, the fast food chain Hardee's... The group redistributes part of its profits in the form of donations to associations in the region (ten million dollars in 2007).

There is also Purina (Nestlé Purina PetCare), an American and Swiss company founded in 1893 by William H. Danforth. When it was founded, at a fodder shop on the outskirts of Mississippi in Saint-Louis, the purpose was to offer poultry, cattle, pigs and other animals food for livestock.

The Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS), based in Saint-Louis, is a division of the Boeing Group responsible for the development of products and services in the arms and aerospace industry. Defense, Space & Security (formerly Boeing Integrated Defense Systems) makes Boeing the world's second largest private military company and accounts for 56% of the group's revenue.

The Saint-Louis region also hosts Monsanto, the famous multinational company specializing in plant biotechnology. The Rent A Car rental company is based in Clayton. McDonnell Douglas and Sabreliner are also in charge. The city has a regional agency of the U.S. Federal Reserve.

Despite the deindustrialization that affected Saint-Louis, the town still has several factories in various sectors: automotive production units (DaimlerChrysler in Fenton; General Motors in Wentzville and Ford in Hazelwood). The pharmaceutical and health sector benefits from synergies with the Washington University School of Medicine.

Between 1982 and 2001, Lambert-Saint-Louis International Airport was the main hub of TWA. In 2001, after the company's bankruptcy and merger with American Airlines, the number of flights serving Saint-Louis declined significantly.

According to the St. Louis Business Journal, the best employers in the St. Louis metropolitan area as of June 1, 2015 are:

Detailed article: Education in St. Louis.

Education in Saint-Louis is followed by public schools, private schools, charter schools, several colleges and universities, and the St. Louis Public Library (en).

Higher education

The Hall DuBourg houses the administration of the University of Saint-Louis.

Washington University of St. Louis, founded in 1853.

• University of St. Louis, the first university founded west of Mississippi (1818)
• Allied Medical College (en)
• Aquinas Institute of Theology (en)
• Concordia Seminary of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod
• Covenant Theological Seminary
• Deaconess College of Nursing (en)
• Eden Theological Seminary of the United Church of Christ
• Fontbonne University (en)
• Harris-Stowe State University (en)
• Hickey College (en)
• Kenrick-Glennon Seminary (en)
• Lindenwood University (en)
• Maryville University (en)
• Missouri Baptist University (en)
• Missouri College (en)
• Missouri Tech University (en)
• National Academy of Beauty Arts
• Patricia Stevens College (en)
• Ranken Technical College (en)
• Saint-Louis College of Pharmacy (en)
• Washington University of St. Louis
• Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (en) , sister institution of the University of Southern Illinois in Carbondale
• University of Missouri-Saint-Louis (en)
• University of Phoenix - Campus de Saint-Louis
• Webster Groves, Missouri - Campus Webster University - Saint-Louis

Media

The media in Saint-Louis (Media in St. Louis) is a major center in Missouri and the Midwest of the United States.

• The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is a newspaper founded on December 12, 1878 by Joseph Pulitzer.
• The Waterways Journal Weekly (The Weekly Journal Waterways) is known as the Riverman Bible, the periodical has been published continuously in Saint-Louis since 1887.
• St. Louis Magazine (en) is a monthly magazine founded in 1969.
• The KDHX is a community radio station founded in 1987 and is located in the Grand Center area at 3524 Washington Avenue.
• KTVI (en) is a television station affiliated with the (Fox Broadcasting Company), located in Saint-Louis.

Monuments

Saint Louis Cathedral, style Neo-Byzantine architecture.

The Runner (1966) by William Zorach, the Old Courthouse and the Gateway Arch, Place Kiener.

There are many museums and monuments in Saint Louis; the city museum (City Museum) offers a wide variety of exhibitions. Eugene Field's house is located in the city center, as is Scott Joplin's. The Missouri History Museum includes the Lewis and Clark Expedition and the 1904 exhibition. The Fox Theater on Grand Boulevard has a Byzantine-style façade.

There are several churches in the city, but the most important is the Basilica-Cathedral (New Cathedral). It is built in the Byzantine and Neo-Roman style. The interior is decorated with one of the largest mosaic programs in the world.

Saint Louis Cathedral (1834), also known as the Old Cathedral (Old Cathedral), is the oldest Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi. It is next to Gateway Arch National Park. The hillside district (The Hill) is a former Italian neighborhood. The Soulard Market District is one of the oldest districts in the city (1779-1842).

West Gate

The Gateway Arch reflects St. Louis's role in the US Westward Expansion during the ^nineteenth century. The park is a memorial for Thomas Jefferson's role in the Conquest of the West, the pioneers who helped shape his history, and Dred Scott (anti-slavery figure) who continued his freedom in the former courthouse.

Gateway Arch National Park is the symbol of the city: built near the departure point of the Lewis and Clark expedition, it was classified as a national memorial on December 21, 1935. It is managed by the National Parks Service (NPS). The ark was built in 1954 and symbolizes the western gate. This park commemorates the United States' purchase of French Louisiana, the establishment of the first cathedral west of Mississippi, and the debate on slavery raised by Scott v. Sandford. It is located on the banks of the Mississippi River and home to the Museum of Westward Expansion. It is visited every year by four million people. The Gateway Arch is 192 meters high; it was designed by Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. Tourists can access the summit to have the most beautiful view of Saint-Louis.

The One Metropolitan Square is an office skyscraper 181 meters high built in Saint-Louis in 1989. The building was designed by the architectural firm Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, the world's largest architectural agency that has housed its world headquarters. At the end of 2009 it was the tallest building in Saint-Louis.

The Thomas Eagleton Courthouse is a 170-meter-high post-modern skyscraper built in Saint-Louis in 2000. At the end of 2009, it was one of the two tallest skyscrapers in the world dedicated to judicial affairs and the third tallest building in Saint-Louis metropolitan area. The building was named after Senator Thomas Eagleton and cost $186 million. The construction of the building was particularly long, lasting 6 years from 1994 to 2000.

Eads Bridge, panorama.

The Pont Eads is a road (4 lanes) and rail (2 metro lines) bridge crossing the Mississippi, from Saint-Louis, Missouri, to East Saint Louis, Illinois. Started in 1867 and inaugurated on July 4, 1874. It is named after its inventor, James Buchanan Eads, who also innovates during the construction of the bridge: this is the first bridge built entirely in a canopy.

The Historic District of Washington Avenue (Washington Avenue Historic District) is a historic district located around Washington Avenue in the western center of St. Louis. It is bounded by the Delmar Boulevard to the north, Locust Street to the south, 8th Street to the east and 18th Street to the west. The area's buildings date from the late ^19th century until the early 1920s and display a variety of popular architectural styles from those periods.

The Renaissance St. Louis Grand Hotel is a hotel in the historic Washington Avenue district of Downtown. Originally, it is a hotel of Statler Hotels (en). Between 1966 and 1987, he was named Gateway Hotel after the Gateway Arch.

Native American cities

Site Cahokia- St. Louis.

About 8 miles south of St. Louis, Cahokia was one of the largest Native American cities in North America in the southwest of Illinois State, close to the present city of Saint-Louis, a neighboring state of Missouri. In the ^12th century it had between 15,000 and 30,000 inhabitants. The Cahokia Mounds site, including the Moin tumulus, is the largest pre-Columbian settlement in northern Mexico. It was occupied mainly during the mississippian culture, when it covered 1,600 hectares and had 120 tumulus and temples. The site has been a World Heritage Site since 1982.

Museums

The James S Planetarium. McDonnell is located at the Saint Louis Science Center in Forest Park.

Building of the Pulitzer Foundation. The building to the left in the background is the Continental-Life Building.

The Apotheosis of Saint-Louis in front of the façade of the Museum of Art.

• The James S Planetarium. McDonnell is located at the Saint Louis Science Center in the Forest Park of Saint-Louis. The planetarium is named after the aviator James Smith McDonnell, who helped finance the construction of the planetarium through its foundation, and was inaugurated in 1963. The building was designed by Gyo Obata of the architectural firm Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, it is very recognizable with its hyperboloid shape. It is 23 meters high and 48.8 meters in diameter.
• Old Courthouse: the Old St. Louis County Courthouse, a former federal and state courthouse located in downtown Saint-Louis, is now a museum. (attached to Gateway Arch National Park).
• Missouri History Museum: is a history museum located in St. Louis, in Forest Park presenting the history of Missouri. The museum is managed by the Missouri Historical Society and was founded in 1866. The museum's main galleries are free of charge thanks to a public grant from the Metropolitan and District Museum Zoological.
• Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts: opens in October 2001 with a building designed by Tadao Andō, a world-renowned Japanese architect and winner of the Pritzker Prize.
• City Museum: is a museum of the house of games. Opened in 1997, the museum attracted more than 700,000 visitors in 2010.
• Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis: The museum was founded in 1980 and is spread out over four different locations in the city.
• Saint-Louis Art Museum: Important collections of European paintings, and a collection of most remarkable engravings, drawings and photographs.

Gallery

• Jean Clouet, Portrait of a Banker (1522).

• Roelandt Savery, Forest and Deer (ca. 1608-1610).

• Frans Hals, Portrait of Women (circa 1650-1652).

• Canaletto, Capriccio with Venetian motifs (1740-45).

• Édouard Manet, The Reader (1861).

• Arnold Böcklin, Venus Anadyomene (1872).

• Rosa Happiness, Hunting Relay (1887).

• Paul Cézanne, Les Baigneurs (1890-1892).

• August Macke, Landscape, Cows, Sailing, Boat and Figures (1914).

• Amedeo Modigliani, Elvire at the table (1919).

Music

• National Blues Museum (en) , is a museum in St. Louis, opened in 2016, and is dedicated to exploring the history and impact of the musical genre of the blues.
• St. Louis Blues, is a blues song by William Christopher Handy. It became a standard of jazz that was popularized by Louis Armstrong, among others.
• Saint Louis blues, is a type of blues that usually relies on a more frequent use of the piano than other types of blues.
• St. Louis Blues (en) , album by Nat King Cole released in April 1958.

To see: The blues clubs of Saint-Louis.

Music station

WSIE is the main jazz radio station of the Grand Saint-Louis. Its programming also includes news and student broadcasts, as well as the broadcast of sports events at the UIS Edwardsville Cougars (en) , sports clubs of the University of Tuscany (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (en)).

Musicians

Jimmy Gourley, and his faithful Gibson ES-150.

Chuck Berry on the television program The Midnight Special, 1973.

Miscellaneous non-exhaustive list, originating in St. Louis:

• Louis Chauvin composer ragtime;
• Kevin Puts composer;
• Lucian P. Gibson pianist and composer;
• Fontella Bass singing jazz, soul, rhythm and blues;
• Leo F. Forbstein composer and musical director;
• Olly Wilson composer and pianist;
• Grace Bumbry mezzo-soprano;
• Charles Thompson (musician) pianist and composer of ragtime music;
• Tom McDermott pianist and composer;
• Jimmy Gourley guitarist, singer and jazz composer;
• Frank Wooster, a pianist and composer of ragtime music;
• So They Say rock band;
• Ronald Stein, composer of film music;
• Ben Weber (composer) classical music;
• Lennie Niehaus, a saxophonist of jazz and a composer of film music, representing West Coast jazz;
• Chuck Berry guitarist, singer and composer of Rock 'n' roll.

Cinema

The St. Louis Film Critics Association (SLFCA), or St. Louis Gateaway Film Critics Association, is an American film critics association based in Saint-Louis and founded in 2004. Each year, she presents the St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards (SLFCA Awards), which reward the best films of the year.

• Louis F. Gottschalk is a composer, conductor and film producer.

January 29, 2009. Francis Field Stadium at the University of Washington, St. Louis. Used for the 1904 Summer Olympics.

The city used to host an American football franchise: the Rams de Saint-Louis, and the Athletica de Saint-Louis, a franchised women's soccer team, dissolved in 2010.

• 2017 NHL Winter Classic: the party pits the St. Louis Blues against the Chicago Blackhawks, January 2, 2017.
• Francis Field is a stadium located within the Washington University of St. Louis. With a capacity of 4,000 seats. It is one of the oldest sports facilities in the western part of Mississippi still in use today.
• The Kiel Auditorium was a multi-purpose venue located in Saint-Louis.
• The St. Louis Arena was a multi-purpose venue located in Saint-Louis.
• Final schedule for the 2019 Stanley Cup. The Boston Bruins will organize the first match on Monday May 27 against the St. Louis Blues.
• Victory of St Louis Blues in Stanley Cup. Saint-Louis won the Stanley Cup, the North American Ice Hockey League (NHL) final, for the first time in his history, beating Boston four wins to three on Wednesday, June 12, 2019 '.

Various stadium sites

• "Stages"
• Edward Jones Dome of St. Louis, Missouri. (15 June 2006).

• View of Busch Stadium, with Gateway Arch in the background. (30 May 2006).

• Enterprise Center Equipment: Ice hockey, Basketball. (3 April 2005).

•  Lyon (France) since January 1976 (due to the same physical configuration of these two cities, both located at the confluence of two major rivers)
•  Stuttgart (Germany) since 10 March 1960
•  Bologna (Italy) since 1987
•  Donegal (Ireland) since 1977
•  Galway (Ireland) since 1977
•  Georgetown (Guyana) since 14 August 1990
•  Bogor (Indonesia) since May 2004
•  Brčko (Bosnia and Herzegovina) since 2008
•  Nankin (China) since 1979 (first twinning between an American city and a city of the People's Republic of China)
•  Saint-Louis (Senegal) since 1994
•  Samara (Russia) since 1992 (twinned with the county of Saint-Louis)
•  San Luis Potosí (Mexico)
•  Suwa (Japan) since 1974
•  Szczecin (Poland) since October 1992
•  Wuhan (China)

The TV series Superstore takes place in Saint-Louis.

Max C. Starkloff, born in Quincy (Illinois), doctor of the city of Saint-Louis during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and precursor of social distancing in modern medicine.

References